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Undocumented Organizing Oral History Collection

Creator:
National Museum of American History (U.S.)  Search this
Interviewer:
Centeno-Meléndez, José  Search this
Ramirez, Marla Andrea  Search this
Interviewee:
Arteaga, Stefania  Search this
Barrios Chay, Elver Udiel  Search this
Carvente, Miguel  Search this
Hinojosa Ruiz, Bruno  Search this
Jeon, Hyo-Won  Search this
Kim, Jung Woo  Search this
Merino, Oliver  Search this
Morales, Jairo Javier  Search this
Salgado, Julio, 1983-  Search this
Serrano, Moises  Search this
Siliceo Perez, Carolina  Search this
Extent:
33.7 Gigabytes (11 .wav files, 22 .pdf files)
Culture:
Asian American  Search this
Black American  Search this
Central Americans -- United States  Search this
Korean Americans  Search this
Latinos  Search this
Southern California  Search this
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Gigabytes
Born digital
Identity cards
Transcripts
Place:
Chicago (Ill.)
Los Angeles (Calif.)
Mexico City (Mexico)
Nebraska
North Carolina
Washington (D.C.) -- Washington
Date:
2019-2021
Summary:
Collection documents through born-digital oral histories the lives and experiences of undocumented community organizers and activists.
History of the Collecting Process:
The Undocumented Organizing Collecting Initiative is a multi-year effort to preserve histories of undocumented organizing in the United States. Collecting oral histories and objects from undocumented organizers in Southern California, Chicago, Massachusetts, Nebraska, North Carolina, Washington, D.C. and Mexico City, the Initiative was the first collective research initiative to provide a national perspective on the multi-focal, multi-vocal undocumented organizing movement.

The Initiative is based out of the National Museum of American History's Center for Restorative History (CRH). The CRH works to redress exclusions in United States history using the principles of restorative justice. This project therefore centers the knowledge of undocumented organizers to address and document historical harms, present needs, and obligations in an effort to make history more accurate and inclusive.

The project's core team includes Patty Arteaga (Project Lead), Dr. Nancy Bercaw (Curator, Political History; Deputy Director, Center for Restorative History), José Centeno-Meléndez (Oral Historian), and Delia Beristain Noriega (Assistant Oral Historian).
Scope and Contents:
This collection contains oral history interviews, interview transcripts, and indexes with timestamps and descriptions documenting the lives and experiences of undocumented organizers. In some cases, the original recordings and transcripts have been redacted upon request of the interviewee.

The oral histories cover immigration to the United States, community organizing work, and such topics as deportation, mass incarceration, anti-Black violence, family separation, and food insecurity.
Arrangement:
This collection is arranged into three series, each organized alphabetically by last name of interviewee.

Series 1: Transcripts, 2019-2021

Series 2: Born-Digital Interviews, 2019-2021

Series 3: Indexes, 2019-2021
Historical:
Undocumented organizers have played a crucial role in U.S. politics over the last 20 years, most notably by securing the first significant piece of immigration reform since the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act. The announcement of Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) in 2012 broke a logjam by securing a limited immigrant right, the first granted in 26 years. This achievement represented a signature moment in U.S. history echoing Emancipation, Women's Suffrage and the Civil Rights movements, where people without citizenship or the right to vote changed government policy.

The origins of undocumented organizing in the 21st century can be traced back to 2001, when undocumented youth pushed for access to higher education. Up to the moment of high school graduation, undocumented youth, then and today, are guaranteed access to a K-12 public education by the landmark Supreme Court decision in Plyer v. Doe (1982). Yet upon graduation, their futures are foreclosed without protected access to higher education. They face the choice of silently slipping into wage work or returning to their home country. In 2001, Senators Dick Durbin (IL) and Orrin Hatch (UT) responded to the crisis and introduced the Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act, otherwise known as the DREAM Act.

What had seemed like an easy bill to pass became implausible after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. Anti-immigrant sentiment spiked, encouraging Representative James Sensenbrenner (R-WI) to introduce highly restrictive immigration legislation in the Border Protection, Anti-terrorism, and Illegal Immigration Control Act of 2005. Using the only tool available to them, hundreds of thousands of immigrants across the United States took to the streets in May 2006. Many undocumented youth organizers remember this moment as a potent lesson, introducing them to the power of people's movements.

With strong training and support from immigrant rights organizations, such as CHIRLA, NILC, National Council of La Raza, UCLA Labor Center, Casa de Maryland, NAKASEC, Latin American Coalition, Community Change, and Make the Road New York, among others, young activists formed undocumented-led organizations such as United We Dream (UWD), Immigrant Youth Justice League (IYJL), LA DREAM Team, and the New York State Youth Leadership Council (NYSYLC). As directly-impacted people, undocumented youth set their own agenda and developed innovative mass mobilization tactics.

Inspired by the May 2006 marches, undocumented youth began to focus on direct-action campaigns which peaked in 2009-10. Wearing high school graduation robes, they traveled to the U.S. Capitol and conducted sit-ins in congressional offices to push the passage of the DREAM Act. Others built upon Black organizing traditions and walked 1,500 miles from Florida to Washington, D.C. Paying homage to Civil Rights activism, this march, known as the Trail of DREAMs, wound its way through the U.S. South facing Ku Klux Klan activity along the way. Early organizers also borrowed from LGBTQ+ organizing tactics by "coming out of the shadows" and declaring themselves "undocumented and unafraid," thereby risking deportation. Strategically, they announced their status through scripted narratives emphasizing their "Americanness" as high-achieving, English-speaking students raised on the American Dream. These strategies paid off. Anti-immigration sentiment still ran high, but popular opinion swung in favor of the DREAMers as "Americans" despite their legal status.

To take advantage of this political opening, undocumented organizers fiercely advocated that the DREAM Act be placed at the top of the immigration rights agenda. As DREAMers, they had a strong chance of success in creating the first pathway to citizenship since the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act. They argued that the DREAM Act could serve as a wedge, widening the door for other immigrants to gain legal status. Immigrant rights organizations disagreed, unwilling to shift attention away from comprehensive immigration reform. This caused a rupture that resulted in undocumented activists breaking away from the immigrant rights platform and trusting their own knowledge and experience over those in established systems of power.

Lacking a large national organization to direct and mobilize campaigns, undocumented activists used the internet to create new systems for organizing. They constructed DREAMActivist.org to coordinate events nationwide, held synchronous Coming Out of the Shadows events, and ran online forums to share up-to-date information with chat rooms on how to navigate daily life as an undocumented person.

They pushed for the DREAM Act coordinating nationwide events to rally support for their cause including marches, demonstrations, sit-ins, fasting campaigns, and walkouts. Yet after nine years of gridlock, in 2010 Congress failed to pass the DREAM Act by five votes. Suddenly, the youth and students who had stepped forward faced an even greater risk of deportation.

In the wake of the DREAM Act's failure, undocumented organizers regrouped. A dedicated legal team investigated a largely-unknown administrative practice called "deferred action" from deportation. Presidents employed deferred action on a case-by-case basis to protect immigrants from deportation. What if this could be implemented more broadly? Working with immigration attorneys, organizers presented their case to the Obama administration requesting action on temporary relief. When the White House failed to act, they took to the streets. Undocumented people demonstrated, marched and even took over President Obama's re-election campaign offices. By applying pressure to the presidency, undocumented youth were once again putting forward all their energy to stop their own deportation and arrive at a solution, even if a temporary one.

On June 15, 2012, President Obama announced an executive action, Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). The program offered some undocumented youth a two-year, renewable protected status to pursue employment if they could prove the following: that they arrived before their 16th birthday; could demonstrate living continuously in the United States since June 15, 2007; had not committed a felony; and were under 31 years of age.

DACA was in effect for five years when the Trump administration rescinded the program on September 5, 2017. Challenging the administration in court, undocumented organizers eventually took their case to the Supreme Court and won. Yet the June 18, 2020, Supreme Court majority opinion ruled based on a technicality and made no judgement on the validity of deferred action. At the time of this writing (March 31, 2023), legal statuses such as DACA, Temporary Protected Status (TPS), and Deferred Enforced Department (DED) face intense challenges in the courts, the U.S. Congress, and state and local legislatures.

After securing DACA in 2012, the movement shifted. Recognizing that DACA only protected youth, and only a fraction of that population, undocumented organizers expanded their action to advocate for all 12 million undocumented U.S. residents. While some continue to organize nationally, successfully swinging presidential and U.S. Congressional elections and aggressively pursuing action in the courts, others explore goals aimed at relieving systematic oppression. Daily deportations separated families, leaving infants without parents and grandparents without loved ones. Building upon political practices from their home countries and combining them with lessons learned from Black freedom struggle, the Chicano movement, indigenous claims to sovereignty and LGBTQ+ liberation, undocumented activists organize for liberation. Moving beyond a civil rights/ immigrant rights paradigm, undocumented organizers are reconfiguring fundamentals of U.S. democracy by calling out the exclusionary nature of "rights" and "citizenship." Likewise, they actively wrestle with identity-based politics through coalition building across Black, (Afro)Latinx, Asian and queer communities against deportation, incarceration, and state surveillance. Grounded in community needs, they take a holistic approach that refuses to focus on one issue, one identity, over another.

These actions include (but are not limited to):

287(g): To protect residents from deportation, many successfully swing local elections to elect anti-287(g) candidates. 287(g) is a small clause in the U.S. Immigration and Nationality Act that permits sheriffs to notify Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) whenever they detain a person. In many places, 287g means that a random traffic stop, a broken taillight, jaywalking, or simply looking "foreign" can trigger a deportation pipeline—regardless of whether a person has broken the law.

Anti-Deportation Measures: As deportations spike, undocumented organizers employ a variety of tactics to protect families and communities. Many work on educating community members, organizing "Know Your Rights" campaigns. Others coordinate with abolition groups to halt the militarization of local police by federal agencies through direct action campaigns and court filings. Since September 11, 2001, the federal presence in local communities has spiked. Undocumented organizers closely monitor these agencies to block new policies that otherwise fly under the radar in the national political arena. (Also see 287(g))

Citizenship for All: After DACA (2012), many organizers began to question the tactic of emphasizing "Americanness" and "worthiness" to gain citizenship. Only an estimated 800,000 undocumented people applied for and qualified for DACA, leaving over 11 million without protection. Undocumented organizers shifted focus to campaign for citizenship that was not exclusionary, advocating for citizenship for all.

Economic Empowerment: To immediately address limited economic and homeownership opportunities for undocumented individuals without social security numbers, many organizers across the country devised innovative economic empowerment programs to support or create businesses owned by undocumented people. Others have formed economic cooperatives to acquire property.

Cultural Activism: The threat of deportation leaves many undocumented people living in isolation with limited access to community. By organizing around culture — festivals, music production, artistic expression — activists provide spaces, both virtually and in-person, for undocumented people to celebrate the richness of who they are as individuals and as a collective.

Beyond Citizenship: Those deported or voluntarily returned to their home country quickly recognize that they were misunderstood and stigmatized in both countries. Both "nation" and "citizenship", they argue, perpetuate exclusion, removing acceptance, services, belonging, and a life free from persecution. Emphasizing trans-local organizing, activists work to connect people on both sides of the border to provide the resources they need. They advocate for normalizing and decriminalizing migration to permit families to see friends and loved ones regardless of where they live.

Definitions

Undocumented refers to an individual's status who reside in the United States without a pathway to U.S. citizenship. Whether migrating to the United States as minors or adults, these residents are not granted permanent legal status by the U.S. government. Those who identify as undocumented have unfixed (or liminal) legal statuses including those 1) who are stateless (without citizenship in any country); 2) who are without U.S. citizenship or U.S. visas; and 3) who have temporary legal status such as Temporary Protected Status (TPS), Deferred Enforced Department (DED), or Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA). Without the protection of U.S. citizenship, undocumented individuals live and work with the constant threat of surveillance and deportation. Moreover, they are blocked from national programs providing access to fair housing, healthcare, and workers' rights, among others.

Undocumented organizing refers to political mobilizing led by undocumented individuals from 2001 to the present. The essential feature separating undocumented organizing from earlier forms of activism is the public declaration of legal status by movement leaders. Risking deportation, family separation, and loss of community, they choose to openly declare themselves "undocumented." This action provides the opportunity to speak freely about the conditions that they and their communities face. By "coming out of the shadows," they step into leadership positions and form their own organizations. By directly representing their communities, undocumented organizers have created a new sphere of highly effective immigrant rights organizing.
Related Materials:
Materials at the National Museum of American History

The Division of Political and Military History holds the following materials related to undocumented organizing:

2006.0106; 2006.0211 - Posters, leaflets, and other objects documenting protests and demonstrations, such as the Immigration March (April 10, 2006, Washington D.C.) and the Great American Boycott/Day Without An Immigrant (May 1, 2006)

2018.0073 - Posters and clothing, including monarch butterfly wings, used in the DACA protest on March 5, 2018

2018.0156 - Bracelets

2018.0198 – Poster, "Stand with Immigrant Workers"

2020.0048 – Javier Jairo Morales' graduation cap, gown, stole, and monarch butterfly wings

Materials at the Anacostia Community Museum Archives

Gateway/Portales Exhibition Records (ACMA Acc. 03-102)

Black Mosaic: Community, Race, and Ethnicity among Black Immigrants in Washington, D. C. Exhibition Records (ACMA Acc. 03-027)
Provenance:
Made for the National Museum of American History by the Undocumented Organizing Collecting Initiative between 2019-2021.
Restrictions:
Collection is open for research. Access and use of born-digital audio materials available in the Archives Center reading room or by requesting copies of materials at RightsReproductions@si.edu.
Rights:
Collection items available for reproduction, but the Archives Center makes no guarantees concerning copyright restrictions. Other intellectual property rights may apply. Archives Center cost-recovery and use fees may apply when requesting reproductions.
Topic:
Access to Higher Education  Search this
Activism  Search this
Black Lives Matter movement  Search this
Black people -- History  Search this
Black people -- Race identity  Search this
COVID-19 Pandemic, 2020-  Search this
Citizenship  Search this
Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (U.S.)  Search this
Deportation  Search this
Detention of persons -- United States  Search this
Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act (DREAM Act)  Search this
Drivers' licenses  Search this
English language -- Study and teaching -- Foreign speakers  Search this
Immigrants  Search this
Immigrants -- United States  Search this
LGBTQ+  Search this
Oral history  Search this
Personal narratives  Search this
Political activists  Search this
Political campaigns  Search this
Protest and social movements  Search this
Social justice  Search this
Storytelling  Search this
Student movements  Search this
Genre/Form:
Born digital
Identity cards
Transcripts
Citation:
Undocumented Organizing Oral History Collection, Archives Center, National Museum of American History
Identifier:
NMAH.AC.1581
See more items in:
Undocumented Organizing Oral History Collection
Archival Repository:
Archives Center, National Museum of American History
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ep81623a1a0-ddf7-47ac-84c3-943580558303
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-nmah-ac-1581

Ritual offering/Milagro

Culture/People:
probably Central America (attributed)  Search this
Previous owner:
Katherine Lamont O'Donoghue (Mrs. Sidney E. O'Donoghue), Non-Indian, 1898-1987  Search this
Donor:
Katherine Lamont O'Donoghue (Mrs. Sidney E. O'Donoghue), Non-Indian, 1898-1987  Search this
Object Name:
Ritual offering/Milagro
Media/Materials:
Silver, silver coin/coins, cordage
Techniques:
Cast
Object Type:
Ceremonial/Ritual items
Place:
Guatemala City; Guatemala Municipality; Guatemala Department, Metropolitan Region; Guatemala
Catalog Number:
24/3985
Barcode:
243985.000
See related items:
Central America
Ceremonial/Ritual items
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws67bd1553b-821a-4dbe-82a1-b44fd07733dc
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:NMAI_258960
Online Media:

Woman's huipil/shirt

Culture/People:
Central America  Search this
Object Name:
Woman's huipil/shirt
Media/Materials:
Cotton yarn
Techniques:
Woven, embroidered
Dimensions:
106 x 50 cm
Object Type:
Clothing/Garments
Place:
Jalisco State, Nayarit State; Mexico (inferred)
Catalog Number:
24/3864
Barcode:
243864.000
See related items:
Central America
Clothing/Garments
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws6a4756132-cd9a-423a-8f20-ba14ec524dab
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:NMAI_259658
Online Media:

Mask

Culture/People:
Central America  Search this
Previous owner:
Museum Shop, Museum of the American Indian (MAI museum shop/Book Counter), 1956-1989  Search this
Object Name:
Mask
Media/Materials:
Wood
Techniques:
Carved, painted
Dimensions:
19.5 x 12 cm
Object Type:
Masks and Masking
Place:
Costa Rica
Catalog Number:
25/2285
Barcode:
252285.000
See related items:
Central America
Masks and Masking
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws6297ac53c-c8e0-4110-8beb-979e15dae056
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:NMAI_267796
Online Media:

Miniature vessel

Culture/People:
probably Central America (attributed)  Search this
Previous owner:
Dr. Genevieve Shaw (Genevieve Rosellen McDonnell/Mrs. Richard Shaw), Non-Indian, 1932-2007  Search this
Donor:
Dr. Genevieve Shaw (Genevieve Rosellen McDonnell/Mrs. Richard Shaw), Non-Indian, 1932-2007  Search this
Object Name:
Miniature vessel
Media/Materials:
Tagua palm nut
Techniques:
Carved, strung
Dimensions:
7.5 x 4 cm
Object Type:
Made-for-Sale items and Souvenirs
Place:
Central America
Date created:
1930-1950
Catalog Number:
26/5907
Barcode:
265907.000
See related items:
Central America
Made-for-Sale items and Souvenirs
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws6771fe70d-8cdb-47c0-8461-9a95950c52a6
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:NMAI_282134
Online Media:

Figure

Culture/People:
possibly Central America (attributed)  Search this
Previous owner:
David Williams Yeaman (David W. Yeaman), Non-Indian, 1950-1997  Search this
Donor:
John P. Yeaman (John Pannill Yeaman), Non-Indian, 1944-2015  Search this
Alice Banks Yeaman, Non-Indian  Search this
Object Name:
Figure
Media/Materials:
Pottery
Techniques:
Modeled
Dimensions:
2.5 x 4.5 x 7.3 cm
Object Type:
Sculpture/Carving/Figures
Place:
(inferred)
Date created:
1950-1970
Catalog Number:
25/5094
Barcode:
255094.000
See related items:
Central America
Sculpture/Carving/Figures
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws667eabadd-7471-4734-9a46-6763ed8e81ea
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:NMAI_270952
Online Media:

Clothing/garment part/fragment

Culture/People:
Central America  Search this
Possible collector:
Edward L. Mattil, Non-Indian, 1918-2017  Search this
Previous owner:
Edward L. Mattil, Non-Indian, 1918-2017  Search this
Betty Marzan Mattil (Alberta Elizabeth Marzan/Mrs. Edward L. Mattil), Non-Indian, 1927-1990  Search this
Donor:
Edward L. Mattil, Non-Indian, 1918-2017  Search this
Object Name:
Clothing/garment part/fragment
Media/Materials:
Cotton cloth, thread
Techniques:
Sewn
Dimensions:
111.2 x 54.6 cm
Object Type:
Clothing/Garments
Place:
Central America
Date created:
1970-1990
Catalog Number:
26/6772
Barcode:
266772.000
See related items:
Central America
Clothing/Garments
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws6be135cde-11f3-4df7-b765-2ee5ee6457c9
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:NMAI_392166
Online Media:

Cup

Culture/People:
Central America  Search this
Previous owner:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Seller:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Object Name:
Cup
Media/Materials:
Palm nut
Techniques:
Carved
Object Type:
Food/Beverage Serving
Place:
Costa Rica
Catalog Number:
5/6562
Barcode:
056562.000
See related items:
Central America
Food/Beverage Serving
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws61b1e7a03-0c5d-485f-b6e5-65206c121d7d
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:NMAI_61070
Online Media:

Cup

Culture/People:
Central America  Search this
Previous owner:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Seller:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Object Name:
Cup
Media/Materials:
Gourd
Techniques:
Incised
Object Type:
Food/Beverage Serving
Place:
San Salvador; San Salvador Municipality; San Salvador Department, Central Zone; El Salvador
Catalog Number:
5/6563
Barcode:
056563.000
See related items:
Central America
Food/Beverage Serving
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws65fe6c9d9-473c-46a4-8abd-10b894a3aea9
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:NMAI_61071
Online Media:

Cup

Culture/People:
Central America  Search this
Previous owner:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Seller:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Object Name:
Cup
Media/Materials:
Gourd
Techniques:
Cut
Object Type:
Food/Beverage Serving
Place:
San Salvador; San Salvador Municipality; San Salvador Department, Central Zone; El Salvador
Catalog Number:
5/6564
Barcode:
056564.000
See related items:
Central America
Food/Beverage Serving
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws691a2acdd-bdf2-4f91-9319-b1ae750771df
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:NMAI_61072
Online Media:

Cup

Culture/People:
Central America  Search this
Previous owner:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Seller:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Object Name:
Cup
Media/Materials:
Gourd
Techniques:
Incised
Object Type:
Food/Beverage Serving
Place:
Nicaragua
Catalog Number:
5/6565
Barcode:
056565.000
See related items:
Central America
Food/Beverage Serving
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws61b9dbbf3-8811-45d2-b760-c2f9aa909378
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:NMAI_61073
Online Media:

Necklace

Culture/People:
Central America  Search this
Previous owner:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Seller:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Object Name:
Necklace
Media/Materials:
Monkey tooth/teeth, glass bead/beads, cordage
Techniques:
Strung
Object Type:
Adornment/Jewelry
Place:
Costa Rica
Catalog Number:
5/6593
Barcode:
056593.000
See related items:
Central America
Adornment/Jewelry
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws657a07c92-5882-4f83-94a8-90e7818f06c2
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:NMAI_61158
Online Media:

Necklace

Culture/People:
Central America  Search this
Previous owner:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Seller:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Object Name:
Necklace
Media/Materials:
Monkey tooth/teeth, glass bead/beads, cordage
Techniques:
Strung
Object Type:
Adornment/Jewelry
Place:
Costa Rica
Catalog Number:
5/6594
Barcode:
056594.000
See related items:
Central America
Adornment/Jewelry
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws6cbdbc5cb-c232-4b31-90e1-cefeb9e1f35f
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:NMAI_61159
Online Media:

Necklace

Culture/People:
Central America  Search this
Previous owner:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Donor:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Object Name:
Necklace
Media/Materials:
Shell beads, animal tooth/teeth, cordage
Techniques:
Strung
Object Type:
Adornment/Jewelry
Place:
Costa Rica
Catalog Number:
5/9343
Barcode:
059343.000
See related items:
Central America
Adornment/Jewelry
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws6f5804cb0-6add-403a-ae3b-0085e3cd8cc8
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:NMAI_63993
Online Media:

Carving

Culture/People:
Central America  Search this
Previous owner:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Donor:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Object Name:
Carving
Media/Materials:
Nut/nuts
Techniques:
Incised
Object Type:
Sculpture/Carving/Figures
Place:
Nicaragua
Catalog Number:
5/9347
Barcode:
059347.000
See related items:
Central America
Sculpture/Carving/Figures
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws68d988569-f314-4504-b532-6fe6a74c5695
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:NMAI_63997
Online Media:

Bead/beads

Culture/People:
Central America  Search this
Previous owner:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Donor:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Object Name:
Bead/beads
Media/Materials:
Nut/nuts
Techniques:
Incised
Object Type:
Adornment/Jewelry
Place:
Nicaragua
Catalog Number:
5/9348
Barcode:
059348.000
See related items:
Central America
Adornment/Jewelry
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws682804f84-050b-491b-8685-9c97a3e3db8e
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:NMAI_63998
Online Media:

Necklace

Culture/People:
Central America  Search this
Previous owner:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Donor:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Object Name:
Necklace
Media/Materials:
Glass bead/beads, cotton cloth
Techniques:
Strung, twisted, tied
Object Type:
Adornment/Jewelry
Place:
Costa Rica
Catalog Number:
5/9349
Barcode:
059349.000
See related items:
Central America
Adornment/Jewelry
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws6c6e11b27-ece6-4a56-b91b-4ac38e44215c
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:NMAI_63999
Online Media:

Necklace

Culture/People:
Central America  Search this
Previous owner:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Donor:
Ernest O. Schernikow (Ernst August W. Schernikow), Non-Indian, 1860-1933  Search this
Object Name:
Necklace
Media/Materials:
Monkey tooth/teeth, glass bead/beads, cordage
Techniques:
Strung
Object Type:
Adornment/Jewelry
Place:
Costa Rica
Catalog Number:
5/9350
Barcode:
059350.000
See related items:
Central America
Adornment/Jewelry
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws656023dc2-30b9-4d99-95cd-99222c93ffc2
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:NMAI_64000
Online Media:

Necklace

Culture/People:
Central America  Search this
Seller agent:
Rebecca Heap Mangold (Mrs. Frederick A. Mangold/R. H. Mangold), Non-Indian, 1865-1951  Search this
Seller:
Frederick A. Mangold (Frederick Albert Mangold), Non-Indian, 1857-1941  Search this
Previous owner:
Frederick A. Mangold (Frederick Albert Mangold), Non-Indian, 1857-1941  Search this
Object Name:
Necklace
Media/Materials:
Monkey tooth/teeth, cordage
Techniques:
Strung
Object Type:
Adornment/Jewelry
Place:
Costa Rica
Catalog Number:
6/2119
Barcode:
062119.000
See related items:
Central America
Adornment/Jewelry
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws6beb5d1a3-4dd4-47b0-ad04-59b00c75fe19
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:NMAI_66914
Online Media:

Necklace

Culture/People:
Central America  Search this
Object Name:
Necklace
Media/Materials:
Animal tooth/teeth, bird bone/bones, button/buttons, wood
Techniques:
Strung
Object Type:
Adornment/Jewelry
Place:
Costa Rica
Catalog Number:
6/3060
Barcode:
063060.000
See related items:
Central America
Adornment/Jewelry
Data Source:
National Museum of the American Indian
GUID:
http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/ws673bc4ff7-e081-4895-aea1-4d20e8277219
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:NMAI_68169
Online Media:

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