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Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
"The Integral language of Black Africa" by Leopold Sedar Senghor. Program notes, and texts (in Bantu with English translations) bound into each container.
Restrictions:
Restrictions on access. No duplication allowed listening and viewing for research purposes only.
Collection Rights:
Permission to publish materials from the collection must be requested from the Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections. Please visit our website to learn more about submitting a request. The Ralph Rinzler Folklife Archives and Collections make no guarantees concerning copyright or other intellectual property restrictions. Other usage conditions may apply; please see the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for more information.
Photographs taken among the Pende peoples in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the years 1955-1957. Publications used for identifying and describing the collection photographs include L'Art Pende (Bruxelles: Académie royale de Belgique, 1958) and Les danses rituelles Mungonge et Kelas des Bapende (Academie royale des sciences coloniales, 1956), both by Léon de Sousberghe; Inventing Masks: Agency and History in the Art of the Central Pende by Z.S. Strother (The University of Chicago Press, 1998); and, from Secrecy: African Art that Conceals and Reveals Mary H. Nooter, ed. (New York: Museum for African Art, 1993), Z.S. Strother's article, The Physical and Social Boundaries of Secrecy: Eastern Pende Constuctions of Secrecy, pp. 157-178.
Arrangement note:
Images indexed by negative number.
organized in slide filing cabinet;arranged numerically by image number.
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Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Original accompanying de Sousberghe caption reads, " Pende. "Mungonge". Kondo sur la route de Kilembe à Kandale." Translated original caption reads, " Pende. "Mungonge". At Kondo, on the road from Kilembe to Kandale."
The Central Pende adapted the mungong in the mid-1930s as a secular dance society, but it seems likely that the Pende bordering on the Aluund would have borrowed it at an earlier date. The mungonge, as the Pende call it, is rare today among the Central Pende but continues in these region (west of the Kwilu and bordering the Aluund). The ceremony is held at night time with stilt performers appearing before dawn to mark the end of it. The initiated performers (afwa nzambi) with their bodies partially or totally covered with white paint wore a headdress (ibanda) that they will destroy at the end of the ceremony.
Local Numbers:
LS 075
General:
Title source: Archives staff.
Note source: Archives staff.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Original accompanying de Sousberghe caption reads, " Pende. "Mungonge". Sur la route de Kilembe à Kandale : Kondo." Translated original caption reads, " Pende. "Mungonge". At Kondo, on the road from Kilembe to Kandale."
The Central Pende adapted the mungong in the mid-1930s as a secular dance society, but it seems likely that the Pende bordering the Aluund would have borrowed it at an earlier date. The mungonge, as the Pende call it, is rare today among the Central Pende but continues in these regions (west of the Kwilu river and bordering the Aluund). The ceremony is held at night time with stilt performers appearing before dawn to mark the end of it. The initiated performers (afwa nzambi) with their bodies partially ot totally covered with white paint wore a headdress (ibanda) that they will destroy at the end of the ceremony.
Local Numbers:
LS 069
General:
Title source: Archives staff.
Note source: Archives staff.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Original accompanying de Sousberghe caption reads, " Pende. "Mungonge". Kondo sur la route de Kilembe à Kandale." Translated original caption reads, " Pende. "Mungonge". At Kondo, on the road from Kilembe to Kandale."
The Central Pende adapted the mungong in the mid-1930s as a secular dance society, but it seems likely that the Pende bordering on the Aluund would have borrowed it at an earlier date. The mungonge, as the Pende call it, is rare today among the Central Pende but continues in these regions (west of the Kwilu river and bordering the Aluund). The ceremony is held at night time with stilt performers appearing before dawn to mark the end of it. The initiated performers (afwa nzambi) with their bodies partially or totally covered with white paint wore a headdress (ibanda) that they will destroy at the end of the ceremony.
Local Numbers:
LS 070
General:
Title source: Archives staff.
Note source: Archives staff.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Original accompanying de Sousberghe caption reads, " Pende. "Mungonge". Kondo sur la route de Kilembe à Kandale." Translated original caption reads, " Pende. "Mungonge". At Kondo, on the road from Kilembe to Kandale."
The Central Pende adapted the mungong in the mid-1930s as a secular dance society, but it seems likely that the Pende bordering on the Aluund would have borrowed it at an earlier date. The mungonge, as the Pende call it, is rare today among the Central Pende but continues in these regions (west of the Kwilu river and bordering the Aluund). The ceremony is held at night time with stilt performers appearing before dawn to mark the end of it. The initiated performers (afwa nzambi) with their bodies partially or totally covered with white paint wore a headdress (ibanda) that they will destroy at the end of the ceremony.
Local Numbers:
LS 071
General:
Title source: Archives staff.
Note source: Archives staff.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Original accompanying de Sousberghe caption reads, " Pende. "Mungonge". Kondo sur la route de Kilembe à Kandale." Translated original caption reads, " Pende. "Mungonge". At Kondo, on the road from Kilembe to Kandale."
The Central Pende adapted the mungong in the mid-1930s as a secular dance society, but it seems likely that the Pende bordering on the Aluund would have borrowed it at an earlier date. The mungonge, as the Pende call it, is rare today among the Central Pende but continues in these regions (west of the Kwilu river and bordering the Aluund). The ceremony is held at night time with stilt performers appearing before dawn to mark the end of it. The initiated performers (afwa nzambi) with their bodies partially or totally covered with white paint wore a headdress (ibanda) that they will destroy at the end of the ceremony.
Local Numbers:
LS 072
General:
Title source: Archives staff.
Note source: Archives staff.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Original accompanying de Sousberghe caption reads, " Pende. "Mungonge". Kondo sur la route de Kilembe à Kandale." Translated original caption reads, " Pende. "Mungonge". At Kondo, on the road from Kilembe to Kandale."
The Central Pende adapted the mungong in the mid-1930s as a secular dance society, but it seems likely that the Pende bordering on the Aluund would have borrowed it at an earlier date. The mungonge, as the Pende call it, is rare today among the Central Pende but continues in these regions (west of the Kwilu river and bordering the Aluund). The ceremony is held at night time with stilt performers appearing before dawn to mark the end of it. The initiated performers (afwa nzambi) with their bodies partially or totally covered with white paint wore a headdress (ibanda) that they will destroy at the end of the ceremony.
Local Numbers:
LS 073
General:
Title source: Archives staff.
Note source: Archives staff.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Original accompanying de Sousberghe caption reads, "Pende. "Mungonge". Kondo sur la route de Kilembe à Kandale." Translated original caption reads, " Pende. "Mungonge". At Kondo, on the road from Kilembe to Kandale."
The Central Pende adapted the mungong in the mid-1930s as a secular dance society, but it seems likely that the Pende bordering on the Aluund would have borrowed it at an earlier date. The mungonge, as the Pende call it, is rare today among the Central Pende but continues in these regions (west of the Kwilu river and bordering the Aluund). The ceremony is held at night time with stilt performers appearing before dawn to mark the end of it. The initiated performers (afwa nzambi) with their bodies partially or totally covered with white paint wore a headdress (ibanda) that they will destroy at the end of the ceremony.
Local Numbers:
LS 074
General:
Title source: Archives staff.
Note source: Archives staff.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Original accompanying caption reads, " Village Kondo. Sud de Katundu. Entre le Kwilu et le Loange." Translated original caption reads, " Pende. Dance floor at Kondo. South of Katundu. Between the Kwilu river and the Loange river."
De Sousberghe photographed a ritual ceremony at Kondo in the South-Central Pendeland.
Local Numbers:
LS 183
General:
Title source: Léon de Sousberghe.
Note source: Archives staff.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Original accompanying caption reads, " Village Kondo. Sud de Katundu. Entre le Kwilu et le Loange." Translated original caption reads, " Pende. Dance floor at Kondo. South of Katundu. Between the Kwilu river and the Loange river."
De Sousberghe photographed a ritual ceremony at Kondo in the South-Central Pendeland.
Local Numbers:
LS 187
General:
Title source: Léon de Sousberghe.
Note source: Archives staff.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Original accompanying caption reads, " Village Kondo. Sud de Katundu. Entre le Kwilu et le Loange." Translated original caption reads, " Pende. Dance floor at Kondo. South of Katundu. Between the Kwilu river and the Loange river."
De Sousberghe photographed a ritual ceremony at Kondo in the South-Central Pendeland.
Local Numbers:
LS 189
General:
Title source: Léon de Sousberghe.
Note source: Archives staff.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Original accompanying caption reads, " Village Kondo. Sud de Katundu. Entre le Kwilu et le Loange." Translated original caption reads, " Pende. Dance floor at Kondo. South of Katundu. Between the Kwilu river and the Loange river."
De Sousberghe photographed a ritual ceremony at Kondo in the South-Central Pendeland.
Local Numbers:
LS 188
General:
Title source: Léon de Sousberghe.
Note source: Archives staff.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Original accompanying caption reads, " Village Kondo. Sud de Katundu. Entre le Kwilu et le Loange." Translated original caption reads, " Pende. Dance floor at Kondo. South of Katundu. Between the Kwilu river and the Loange river."
De Sousberghe photographed a ritual ceremony at Kondo in the South-Central Pendeland.
Local Numbers:
LS 184
General:
Title source: Léon de Sousberghe.
Note source: Archives staff.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Original accompanying caption reads, " Village Kondo. Sud de Katundu. Entre le Kwilu et le Loange." Translated original caption reads, " Pende. Dance floor at Kondo. South of Katundu. Between the Kwilu river and the Loange river."
De Sousberghe photographed a ritual ceremony at Kondo in the South-Central Pendeland.
Local Numbers:
LS 186
General:
Title source: Léon de Sousberghe.
Note source: Archives staff.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Original accompanying caption reads, " Village Kondo. Sud de Katundu. Entre le Kwilu et le Loange." Translated original caption reads, " Pende. Dance floor at Kondo. South of Katundu. Between the Kwilu river and the Loange river."
De Sousberghe photographed a ritual ceremony at Kondo in the South-Central Pendeland.
Local Numbers:
LS 185
General:
Title source: Léon de Sousberghe.
Note source: Archives staff.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Original accompanying de Sousberghe caption reads, " Pende. Muyombo."
De Sousberghe photographed a dancer performing the mask Muyombo at a masquerade at Nyoka-Mulenga (Central Pende), which was misnamed Nyoka-Kakese during the early colonial period, ca 1955-57. Muyombo is the most beloved of the Central Pende masks. The emphasis of the performance is on beauty and style, the semicircular kicks, the pantomines of village activities, and the involvment of women. It is likely that Muyombo once had a central role, like Kipoko among the Eastern Pende, in fulfilling the masquerade's purpose of achieving a communion between the living and the dead. Masquerades buid and cement communities. They celebrate the restored state of peace and security.
Local Numbers:
LS 101
General:
Title source: Archives staff.
Note source: Archives staff.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Original accompanying de Sousberghe caption reads, " Pende. Muyombo."
De Sousberghe photographed a dancer performing the mask Muyombo at a masquerade at "Nyoka-Mulenga" (Central Pende), which was misnamed "Nyoka-Kakese" during the early colonial period, ca 1955-57. Muyombo is the most beloved of Central Pende masks. The emphasis of the performance is on beauty and style, the semicircular kicks, the pantomines of village activities, and the involvment of women. It is likely that Muyombo once had a central role, like Kipoko among the Eastern Pende, in fulfilling the masquerade's purpose of achieving a communion between the living and the dead. Masquerades build and cement communities. They celebrate the restored state of peace and security.
Local Numbers:
LS 102
General:
Title source: Archives staff.
Note source: Archives staff.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.
Original accompanying de Sousberghe caption reads, " Pende. Muyombo."
De Sousberghe photographed a dancer performing the mask Muyombo at a masquerade at "Nyoka-Mulenga" (Central Pende), which was misnamed "Nyoka-Kakese" during the early colonial period, ca 1955-57. Muyombo is the most beloved of Central pende masks. The emphasis of the performance is on beauty and style, the semicircular kicks, the pantomines of village activities, and the involvment of women. It is likely that Muyombo once had a central role, like Kipoko among the Eastern Pende, in fulfilling the masquerade's purpose of achieving a communion between the living and the dead. Masquerades build and cement communities. They celebrate the restored state of peace and security.
Local Numbers:
LS 212
General:
Title source: Archives staff.
Note source: Archives staff.
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original records requires an appointment. Contact Archives staff for more details.
Collection Rights:
Permission to reproduce images from the Eliot Elisofon Photographic Archives must be obtained in advance. The collection is subject to all copyright laws.