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Henry Varnum Poor papers, 1873-2001, bulk 1904-1970

Creator:
Poor, Henry Varnum, 1887-1970  Search this
Subject:
Burchfield, Charles Ephraim  Search this
Benton, William  Search this
Biddle, George  Search this
Ciardi, John  Search this
Caniff, Milton Arthur  Search this
Duchamp, Marcel  Search this
Dickson, Harold E.  Search this
Evergood, Philip  Search this
Esherick, Wharton  Search this
Marston, Muktuk  Search this
Garrett, Alice Warder  Search this
Meredith, Burgess  Search this
Czebotar, Theodore  Search this
Poor, Peter  Search this
Houseman, John  Search this
Watson, Ernest William  Search this
Padro, Isabel  Search this
Billing, Jules  Search this
Deming, MacDonald  Search this
Poor, Anne  Search this
Poor, Bessie Breuer  Search this
Poor, Eva  Search this
Poor, Josephine Graham  Search this
Sargent, Elizabeth S.  Search this
Poor, Josephine Lydia  Search this
Dorn, Marion  Search this
Steinbeck, John  Search this
Smith, David  Search this
Mumford, Lewis  Search this
Montross Gallery  Search this
Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture  Search this
Type:
Motion pictures (visual works)
Diaries
Drawings
Sketchbooks
Citation:
Henry Varnum Poor papers, 1873-2001, bulk 1904-1970. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Topic:
Architects -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this
World War, 1914-1918  Search this
Pottery -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this
Theme:
Craft  Search this
Diaries  Search this
Lives of artists  Search this
Record number:
(DSI-AAA_CollID)13442
(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)210589
AAA_collcode_poorhenr
Theme:
Craft
Diaries
Lives of artists
Data Source:
Archives of American Art
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_210589
Online Media:

Henry Varnum Poor papers

Creator:
Poor, Henry Varnum, 1887-1970  Search this
Names:
Montross Gallery  Search this
Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture  Search this
Benton, William, 1900-1973  Search this
Biddle, George, 1885-1973  Search this
Billing, Jules  Search this
Burchfield, Charles Ephraim, 1893-1967  Search this
Caniff, Milton Arthur, 1907-1988  Search this
Ciardi, John, 1916-  Search this
Czebotar, Theodore  Search this
Deming, MacDonald  Search this
Dickson, Harold E., 1900-  Search this
Dorn, Marion, 1896-1964  Search this
Duchamp, Marcel, 1887-1968  Search this
Esherick, Wharton  Search this
Evergood, Philip, 1901-1973  Search this
Garrett, Alice Warder  Search this
Houseman, John, 1902-1988  Search this
Marston, Muktuk  Search this
Meredith, Burgess, 1907-1997  Search this
Mumford, Lewis, 1895-1990  Search this
Padro, Isabel  Search this
Poor, Anne, 1918-  Search this
Poor, Bessie Breuer  Search this
Poor, Eva  Search this
Poor, Josephine Graham  Search this
Poor, Josephine Lydia  Search this
Poor, Peter  Search this
Sargent, Elizabeth S.  Search this
Smith, David, 1906-1965  Search this
Steinbeck, John, 1902-1968  Search this
Watson, Ernest William, 1884-1969  Search this
Extent:
12.9 Linear feet
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Motion pictures (visual works)
Diaries
Drawings
Sketchbooks
Date:
1873-2001
bulk 1904-1970
Summary:
The papers of Henry Varnum Poor measure 12.9 linear feet and date from 1873-2001, with the bulk from the period 1904-1970. Correspondence, writings, artwork, printed material and photographs document Poor's work as a painter, muralist, ceramic artist and potter, architect, designer, writer, war artist, educator and a co-founder of the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture. Also found is extensive information about the design and construction of Crow House, his home in New City, New York, commissions for other architectural projects, and his personal life.
Scope and Content Note:
The papers of Henry Varnum Poor measure 12.9 linear feet and date from 1873-2001, with the bulk from the period 1904-1970. Correspondence, writings, artwork, printed material and photographs document Poor's work as a painter, muralist, ceramic artist and potter, architect, designer, writer, war artist, educator and a co-founder of the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture. Also found is extensive information about the design and construction of Crow House, his home in New City, New York, commissions for other architectural projects, and his personal life.

Henry Varnum Poor's correspondence documents his personal, family, and professional life. Correspondents include family and friends, among them George Biddle, Charles Burchfield, John Ciardi, Marion V. Dorn (who became his second wife), Philip Evergood, Lewis Mumford, John Steinbeck, David Smith, and Mrs. John Work (Alice) Garrett. Among other correspondents are galleries, museums, schools, organizations, fans, former students, and acquaintances from his military service and travels. Family correspondence consists of Henry's letters to his parents, letters to his parents written by his wife, and letters among other family members.

Among the writings by Henry Varnum Poor are manuscripts of his two published books, An Artist Sees Alaska and A Book of Pottery: From Mud to Immortality. as well as the text of "Painting is Being Talked to Death," published in the first issue of Reality: A Journal of Artists' Opinions, April 1953, and manuscripts of other articles. There are also film scripts, two journals, notes and notebooks, lists, speeches, and writings by others, including M. R. ("Muktuk") Marston's account of Poor rescuing an Eskimo, and Bessie Breuer Poor's recollections of The Montross Gallery.

Subject files include those on the Advisory Committee on Art, American Designers' Gallery, Inc., William Benton, Harold Dickson, Reality: A Journal of Artists' Opinions Sales, and War Posters. There are numerous administrative files for the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture.

Artwork by Henry Varnum Poor consists mainly of loose drawings and sketches and 45 sketchbooks of studies for paintings, murals, and pottery. There is work done in France, 1918-1919, and while working as a war correspondent in Alaska in 1943. There are commissioned illustrations and some intended for his monograph, A Book of Pottery: From Mud to Immortality. Also found are a small number of watercolors and prints. Work by other artists consist of Anne Poor's drawings of her father's hands used for the Lincoln figure in The Land Grant Frescoes and interior views of Crow House by Ernest Watson.

Documentation of Poor's architectural projects consists of drawings and prints relating to houses designed and built for Jules Billing, MacDonald Deming, John Houseman, Burgess Meredith, Isabel Padro, and Elizabeth S. Sargent. Also found is similar material for the new studio Poor built in 1957 on the grounds of Crow House.

Miscellaneous records include family memorabilia and two motion picture films, Painting a True Fresco, and The Land Grant Murals at Pennsylvania State College.

Printed material includes articles about or mentioning Poor, some of his pottery reference books, family history, a catalog of kilns, and the program of a 1949 Pennsylvania State College theater production titled Poor Mr. Varnum. Exhibition catalogs and announcements survive for some of Poor's shows; catalogs of other artists' shows include one for Theodore Czebotar containing an introductory statement by Henry Varnum Poor. Also found is a copy of The Army at War: A Graphic Record by American Artists, for which Poor served as an advisor. There are reproductions of illustrations for An Artist Sees Alaska and Ethan Frome, and two Associated American Artists greeting cards reproducing work by Poor.

Photographs are of Henry Varnum Poor's architectural work, artwork, people, places, and miscellaneous subjects. This series also contains negatives, slides, and transparencies. Images of architectural work include exterior and interior views of many projects; Poor's home, Crow House, predominates. Photographs of artwork by Poor are of drawings, fresco and ceramic tile murals, paintings, pottery and ceramic art. People appearing in photographs include Henry Varnum Poor, family members, friends, clients, juries, students, and various groups. Among the individuals portrayed are Milton Caniff, Marcel Duchamp, Wharton Esherick, M. R. ("Muktuk") Marston, and Burgess Meredith. Among the family members are Bessie Breuer Poor, Marion Dorn Poor, Anne Poor, Eva Poor, Josephine Graham Poor, Josephine Lydia Poor, Peter Poor, and unidentified relatives. Photographs of places include many illustrating village life in Alaska that were taken by Poor during World War II. Other places recorded are French and California landscapes, and family homes in Kansas. Miscellaneous subjects are exhibition installation views, scenes of Kentucky farms, and a photograph of Poor's notes on glazes.
Arrangement:
The collection is arranged as 9 series:

Missing Title

Series 1: Biographical Materials, 1919-1987 (0.2 linear feet; Box 1, OV 18)

Series 2: Correspondence, 1873-1985 (1.5 linear feet; Boxes 1-2)

Series 3: Writings and Notes, circa 1944-1974 (0.6 linear feet; Boxes 2-3)

Series 4: Subject Files, 1928-1975 (0.8 linear feet; Box 3, OV 23)

Series 5: Artwork, circa 1890s-circa 1961 (3.5 linear feet; Boxes 4-6, 9-10, OV 19-22)

Series 6: Architectural Projects, circa 1940-1966 (0.7 linear feet; Box 6, OV 24-26, RD 14-17)

Series 7: Miscellaneous Records, 1882-1967 (Boxes 6, 11, FC 30-31; 0.5 linear ft.)

Series 8: Printed Material, 1881-2001 (1.2 linear feet; Boxes 6-7, 11, OV 27-29)

Series 9: Photographs, 1893-1984 (2.3 linear feet; Boxes 7-8, 12-13)
Biographical Note:
Henry Varnum Poor (1888-1970), best known as a potter, ceramic artist, and a co-founder of the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture, was also an architect, painter, muralist, designer, educator, and writer who lived and worked in New City, New York.

A native of Chapman, Kansas, Henry Varnum Poor moved with his family to Kansas City when his grain merchant father became a member of the Kansas Board of Trade. From a young age he showed artistic talent and spent as much time as possible - including school hours - drawing. When a school supervisor suggested that Henry leave school to study at the Art Institute of Chicago, the family disagreed. Instead, he enrolled in the Kansas City Manual Training High School where he delighted in learning skills such as carpentry, forge work, and mechanical drawing. In 1905, he moved with his older brother and sister to Palo Alto, California and completed high school there. Because Poor was expected to join the family business, he enrolled at Stanford University as an economics major, but much to his father's disappointment and displeasure, soon left the economics department and became an art major.

Immediately after graduation in 1910, Poor and his major professor at Stanford, Arthur B. Clark, took a summer bicycling tour to look at art in London, France, Italy, and Holland. As Poor had saved enough money to remain in London after the summer was over, he enrolled in the Slade School of Art and also studied under Walter Sickert at the London County Council Night School. After seeing an exhibition of Post-Impressionism at the Grafton Galleries in London, Poor was so impressed that he went to Paris and enrolled in the Académie Julian. While in Paris, Poor met Clifford Addams, a former apprentice of Whistler; soon he was working in Addams' studio learning Whistler's palette and techniques.

In the fall of 1911, Poor returned to Stanford University's art department on a one-year teaching assignment. During that academic year, his first one-man show was held at the university's Old Studio gallery. He married Lena Wiltz and moved back to Kansas to manage the family farm and prepare for another exhibition. Their daughter, Josephine Lydia Poor, was born the following year. Poor returned to Stanford in September 1913 as assistant professor of graphic arts, remaining until the department closed three years later. During this period, Poor began to exhibit more frequently in group shows in other areas of the country, and had his first solo exhibition at a commercial gallery (Helgesen Gallery, San Francisco). In 1916, Poor joined the faculty of the San Francisco Art Association. He and his wife separated in 1917 and were divorced the following year. Poor began sharing his San Francisco studio with Marion Dorn.

During World War I, Poor was drafted into the U. S. Army, and in 1918 went to France with the 115th Regiment of Engineers. He spent his spare time drawing; soon officers were commissioning portraits, and Poor was appointed the regimental artist. He also served as an interpreter for his company. Discharged from the Army in early 1919, Poor spent the spring painting in Paris. He then returned to San Francisco and married Marion Dorn.

Once Poor realized that earning a living as a painter would be extremely difficult in California, he and his new wife moved to New York in the autumn of 1919. They were looking for a place to live when influential book and art dealer Mary Mowbray-Clarke of the Sunwise Turn Bookshop in Manhattan suggested New City in Rockland County, New York as good place for artists. In January of 1920, the Poors purchased property on South Mountain Road in New City. The skills he acquired at the Kansas City Manual Training High School were of immediate use as Poor designed and constructed "Crow House" with the assistance of a local teenager. Influenced by the farmhouses he had seen in France, it was made of local sandstone and featured steep gables, rough plaster, chestnut beams and floors, and incorporated many hand-crafted details. Poor designed and built most of their furniture, too. Before the end of the year, he and Marion were able to move into the house, though it remained a work in progress for many years. Additions were constructed. Over time, gardens were designed and planted, and outbuildings - a kiln and pottery, work room, garage, and new studio - appeared on the property.

In 1925, two years after his divorce from Marion Dorn, Poor married Bessie Freedman Breuer (1893-1975), an editor, short story writer, and novelist. Soon after, he adopted her young daughter, Anne (1918-2002), an artist who served as his assistant on many important mural commissions. Their son, Peter (b. 1926) became a television producer. Crow House remained in the family until its sale in 2006. In order to prevent its demolition, Crow House was then purchased by the neighboring town of Ramapo, New York in 2007.

Between 1935 and 1966 Poor designed and oversaw construction of a number of houses, several of them situated not far from Crow House on South Mountain Road. Poor's designs, noted for their simplicity, featured modern materials and incorporated his ceramic tiles. Among his important commissions were houses for Maxwell Anderson, Jules Billig, Milton Caniff, MacDonald Deming, and John Houseman.

Poor's first exhibition of paintings in New York City was at Kevorkian Galleries in 1920, and sales were so disappointing that he turned his attention to ceramics. His first pottery show, held at Bel Maison Gallery in Wanamaker's department store in 1921, was very successful. He quickly developed a wide reputation, participated in shows throughout the country, and won awards. He was a founder of the short-lived American Designers' Gallery, and the tile bathroom he showed at the group's first exposition was critically acclaimed. Poor was represented by Montross Gallery as both a painter and potter. When Montross Gallery closed upon its owner's death in 1932, Poor moved to the Frank K. M. Rehn Gallery.

Even though Poor's pottery and ceramic work was in the forefront, he continued to paint. His work was acquired by a number of museums, and the Limited Editions Club commissioned him to illustrate their republications of Ethan Frome, The Scarlet Letter, and The Call of the Wild.

Poor's first work in true fresco was shown in a 1932 mural exhibition at the Museum of Modern Art. Between 1935 and 1949 he was commissioned to produce several murals in fresco for Section of Fine Arts projects at the Department of Justice and the Department of the Interior, The Land Grant Frescoes at Pennsylvania State College, and a mural for the Louisville Courier-Journal. Ceramic tile mural commissions included: the Klingenstein Pavilion, Mt. Sinai Hospital, New York City; Travelers Insurance Co., Boston; the Fresno Post Office, California; and Hillson Memorial Gallery, Deerfield Academy, Deerfield, Mass.

As a member of the War Artists' Unit, Poor was a "war correspondent" with the rank of major in World War II, and for several months in 1943 was stationed in Alaska. An Artist Sees Alaska, drawing on Poor's observations and experiences, was published in 1945. A Book of Pottery: From Mud to Immortality, his second book, was published in 1958. It remains a standard text on the subject. While on the faculty of Columbia University in the 1950s, Poor and other artists opposed to the growing influence of Abstract Expressionism formed the Reality Group with Poor the head of its editorial committee. Their magazine, Reality: A Journal of Artists' Opinions, first appeared in 1953 featuring "Painting is Being Talked to Death" by Poor as its lead article. Two more issues were published in 1954 and 1955.

Along with Willard Cummings, Sidney Simon, and Charles Cuttler, in 1946 Henry Varnum Poor helped to establish the Skowhegan School of Painting and Sculpture in Skowhegan, Maine. He served as its first president. Poor and his daughter, Anne, were active members of the Board of Trustees and were instructors for many years. The summer of 1961 was Henry Varnum Poor's last as a full-time teacher, though he continued to spend summers at Skowhegan.

Henry Varnum Poor exhibited widely and received many awards, among them prizes at the Carnegie Institute, Syracuse Museum of Fine Arts, Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and the Architectural League of New York. Poor was appointed to the United States Commission of Fine Arts by President Roosevelt in 1941 and served a five year term. He was elected a member of the National Institute of Arts and Letters in 1943. The National Academy of Design named him an Associate Artist in 1954 and an Academician in 1963. He became a trustee of the American Craftsman's Council in 1956. The work of Henry Vernum Poor is represented in the permanent collections of many American museums including the Cleveland Museum of Art, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Brooklyn Museum, Addison Gallery of American Art, and Syracuse Museum of Fine Arts.

Henry Varnum Poor died at home in New City, New York, December 8, 1970.
Related Material:
An oral history interview with Henry Varnum Poor was conducted by Harlan Phillips for the Archives of American Art in 1964.
Provenance:
Gift of Henry Varnum Poor's son, Peter V. Poor, in 2007. A smaller portion was loaned to the Archives in 1973 by Anne Poor for microfilming and returned to the lender; this material was included in the 2007 gift.
Restrictions:
Use of original papers requires an appointment and is limited to the Archives' Washington, D.C. Research Center. Contact Reference Services for more information. Use of audiovisual recordings with no duplicate access copy requires advance notice.
Rights:
The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.
Occupation:
War artists  Search this
Educators -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this
Ceramicists -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this
Muralists -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this
Painters -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this
Designers -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this
Topic:
Architects -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this
World War, 1914-1918  Search this
Pottery -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this
Genre/Form:
Motion pictures (visual works)
Diaries
Drawings
Sketchbooks
Citation:
Henry Varnum Poor papers, 1873-2001, bulk 1904-1970. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Identifier:
AAA.poorhenr
See more items in:
Henry Varnum Poor papers
Archival Repository:
Archives of American Art
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw96265d653-098f-4ccc-abed-0bc649c50516
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-aaa-poorhenr
Online Media:

"Painting a True Fresco"

Collection Creator:
Poor, Henry Varnum, 1887-1970  Search this
Extent:
1 Film reel (16mm)
Container:
Item FC 30
Type:
Archival materials
Moving Images [31027000383485]
Film reels
Date:
circa 1952
Collection Restrictions:
Use of original papers requires an appointment and is limited to the Archives' Washington, D.C. Research Center. Contact Reference Services for more information. Use of audiovisual recordings with no duplicate access copy requires advance notice.
Collection Rights:
The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.
Collection Citation:
Henry Varnum Poor papers, 1873-2001, bulk 1904-1970. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
See more items in:
Henry Varnum Poor papers
Henry Varnum Poor papers / Series 7: Miscellaneous Records
Archival Repository:
Archives of American Art
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw913470e41-a18a-40fb-a746-9bffe73a6112
EDAN-URL:
ead_component:sova-aaa-poorhenr-ref1278

George Biddle papers, circa 1910-1970

Creator:
Biddle, George, 1885-1973  Search this
Subject:
Brooks, Van Wyck  Search this
Kuniyoshi, Yasuo  Search this
Shahn, Ben  Search this
Sterne, Maurice  Search this
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano)  Search this
Pascin, Jules  Search this
Diederich, William Hunt  Search this
Poor, Henry Varnum  Search this
Poor, Anne  Search this
Pound, Ezra  Search this
Berenson, Bernard  Search this
Brewer, Bessie Marsh  Search this
Federal Art Project  Search this
United States. Department of the Treasury. Section of Fine Arts  Search this
United States. Department of the Treasury. Section of Painting and Sculpture  Search this
Supreme Court Building (Mexico City, Mexico)  Search this
National Library Building (Rio de Janerio, Brazil)  Search this
Justice Dept. Building (Washington, D.C.)  Search this
Type:
Diaries
Place:
United States -- Social conditions -- 1933-1945
Citation:
George Biddle papers, circa 1910-1970. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Topic:
New Deal, 1933-1939  Search this
Federal aid to the arts  Search this
Mural painting and decoration, American  Search this
Art and state -- United States  Search this
Muralists  Search this
Theme:
Diaries  Search this
New Deal  Search this
Lives of artists  Search this
Record number:
(DSI-AAA_CollID)7126
(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)209260
AAA_collcode_biddgeor
Theme:
Diaries
New Deal
Lives of artists
Data Source:
Archives of American Art
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_209260
Online Media:

Edward Beatty Rowan papers, 1929-1946

Creator:
Rowan, Edward Beatty, 1898-1946  Search this
Subject:
Cone, Marvin Dorwart  Search this
Dornbush, Adrian  Search this
Dunton, W. Herbert  Search this
McCosh, David J.  Search this
Pyle, Arnold  Search this
Peirce, Waldo  Search this
Poor, Henry Varnum  Search this
Roosevelt, Eleanor  Search this
Watson, Forbes  Search this
Wood, Grant  Search this
Bluemner, Oscar  Search this
Gross, Chaim  Search this
Little Gallery (Cedar Rapids, Iowa)  Search this
United States. Department of the Treasury. Section of Fine Arts  Search this
Stone City Colony and Art School (Stone City, Iowa)  Search this
Public Works of Art Project (Iowa)  Search this
Citation:
Edward Beatty Rowan papers, 1929-1946. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Topic:
Federal aid to the arts  Search this
Theme:
Diaries  Search this
Art organizations  Search this
Record number:
(DSI-AAA_CollID)9219
(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)211414
AAA_collcode_rowaedwa
Theme:
Diaries
Art organizations
Data Source:
Archives of American Art
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_211414

Helen Appleton Read letters and lectures, [ca. 1935]

Creator:
Read, Helen Appleton, 1897-1974  Search this
Subject:
Bruce, Edward  Search this
Poor, Henry Varnum  Search this
United States. Department of the Treasury. Section of Fine Arts  Search this
Citation:
Helen Appleton Read letters and lectures, [ca. 1935]. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Theme:
Research and writing about art  Search this
Record number:
(DSI-AAA_CollID)6179
(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)216413
AAA_collcode_readhela
Theme:
Research and writing about art
Data Source:
Archives of American Art
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_216413

Diary transcript

Creator:
Biddle, George, 1885-1973  Search this
Subject:
Bruce, Edward  Search this
Cahill, Holger  Search this
Grosz, George  Search this
Poor, Henry Varnum  Search this
Ray, Man  Search this
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano)  Search this
Savage, Eugene  Search this
Wright, Frank Lloyd  Search this
Federal Art Project  Search this
Public Works of Art Project  Search this
Type:
Writings
Date:
1933-1941
Citation:
George Biddle. Diary transcript, 1933-1941. George Biddle papers, circa 1910-1970. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Topic:
Federal aid to the arts  Search this
Record number:
(DSI-AAA)14231
See more items in:
George Biddle papers, circa 1910-1970
Data Source:
Archives of American Art
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:AAADCD_item_14231

Oral history interview with George Biddle, 1963

Interviewee:
Biddle, George, 1885-1973  Search this
Interviewer:
Phillips, Harlan B., 1920-1979,  Search this
Subject:
Bacon, Peggy  Search this
Benton, Thomas Hart  Search this
Billings, Henry  Search this
Bruce, Edward  Search this
Cahill, Holger  Search this
Demuth, Charles  Search this
Evergood, Philip  Search this
Grosz, George  Search this
Halpert, Edith Gregor  Search this
Hartley, Marsden  Search this
Marsh, Reginald  Search this
Miller, Kenneth Hayes  Search this
Orozco, José Clemente  Search this
Rivera, Diego  Search this
Robinson, Boardman  Search this
Siqueiros, David Alfaro  Search this
Sterne, Maurice  Search this
Stieglitz, Alfred  Search this
Tamayo, Rufino  Search this
Weber, Max  Search this
Zorach, William  Search this
Cassatt, Mary  Search this
Pascin, Jules  Search this
Poor, Henry Varnum  Search this
Curry, John Steuart  Search this
Bouché, Louis  Search this
Kroll, Leon  Search this
Zorach, William  Search this
Public Works of Art Project  Search this
New Deal and the Arts Oral History Project  Search this
Type:
Sound recordings
Interviews
Citation:
Quotes and excerpts must be cited as follows: Oral history interview with George Biddle, 1963. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Topic:
Art -- Censorship  Search this
Federal aid to the arts  Search this
Painters -- New York (State) -- New York -- Interviews  Search this
Sculptors -- New York (State) -- Interviews  Search this
Theme:
New Deal  Search this
Record number:
(DSI-AAA_CollID)12696
(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)213269
AAA_collcode_biddle63
Theme:
New Deal
Data Source:
Archives of American Art
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:AAADCD_oh_213269
Online Media:

Helen Appleton Read letters and lectures

Creator:
Read, Helen Appleton, 1897-1974  Search this
Names:
United States. Department of the Treasury. Section of Fine Arts  Search this
Bruce, Edward, 1879-1943  Search this
Poor, Henry Varnum, 1887-1970  Search this
Extent:
50 Items (partially microfilmed on 1 reel)
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Date:
[ca. 1935]
Scope and Contents:
REEL 76: Letters to Roy Moyer of the American Federation of Arts, Edward Bruce to Henry Varnum Poor, and an open letter to artists from Bruce; biographical data on Read; a transcript of a lecture given by Read on the background of the early American landscape school; and lectures and reports based on Read's survey of art in federal buildings which was sponsored by the Treasury Section of Fine Arts.
UNMICROFILMED: A letter to Miss Beatrice Winzer of the Newark Museum inquiring as to whether she would like Read to present a lecture on WPA murals.
Biographical / Historical:
Read was the art critic for the Brooklyn Daily Eagle and gallery director of Portraits, Inc., Portrait Center of America, New York, N.Y.
Provenance:
Provenance unknown.
Restrictions:
Use of original papers requires an appointment and is limited to the Archives' Washington, D.C., Research Center. Microfilmed materials must be consulted on microfilm. Contact Reference Services for more information.
Occupation:
Art critics -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this
Identifier:
AAA.readhela
Archival Repository:
Archives of American Art
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw95c48d226-d8b6-4434-b443-eb62908f59d6
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-aaa-readhela

George Biddle papers

Creator:
Biddle, George, 1885-1973  Search this
Names:
Federal Art Project  Search this
Justice Dept. Building (Washington, D.C.)  Search this
National Library Building (Rio de Janerio, Brazil)  Search this
Supreme Court Building (Mexico City, Mexico)  Search this
United States. Department of the Treasury. Section of Fine Arts  Search this
United States. Department of the Treasury. Section of Painting and Sculpture  Search this
Berenson, Bernard, 1865-1959  Search this
Brewer, Bessie Marsh, d. 1952  Search this
Brooks, Van Wyck, 1886-1963  Search this
Diederich, William Hunt, 1884-1953  Search this
Kuniyoshi, Yasuo, 1889-1953  Search this
Pascin, Jules, 1885-1930  Search this
Poor, Anne, 1911-2011  Search this
Poor, Henry Varnum, 1887-1970  Search this
Pound, Ezra, 1885-1972  Search this
Roosevelt, Franklin D. (Franklin Delano), 1882-1945  Search this
Shahn, Ben, 1898-1969  Search this
Sterne, Maurice, 1878-1957  Search this
Extent:
0.76 Linear feet
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Diaries
Place:
United States -- Social conditions -- 1933-1945
Date:
circa 1910-1970
Summary:
The papers of New York painter and muralist George Biddle (1885-1973), measure 0.76 linear feet and date from circa 1910-1970. The collection includes a certificate signed by President Harry Truman, transcripts of Biddle's diaries, a manuscript of a memoir about meeting President Franklin Roosevelt, three letters from William Hunt Diederich's daughter, transcripts of letters from Bernard Berenson, sketches and mural studies, and two glass plate negatives.
Scope and Contents:
The papers of New York painter and muralist George Biddle (1885-1973), measure 0.76 linear feet and date from circa 1910-1970. The collection includes a certificate signed by President Harry Truman, transcripts of Biddle's diaries, a manuscript of a memoir about meeting President Franklin Roosevelt, three letters from William Hunt Diederich's daughter, transcripts of letters from Bernard Berenson, sketches and mural studies, and two glass plate negatives.
Arrangement:
The collection is arranged as one series.

Series 1: George Biddle Papers, circa 1910-1970 (0.7 linear feet; Box 1, OVs 2-4, MGP4)
Biographical / Historical:
New York painter and muralist George Biddle (1885-1973) proposed to President Franklin Roosevelt the establishment of a federal relief program for artists during the Depression, and subsequently painted a number of government murals under the auspices of the Federal Art Project, including murals for the Department of Justice in 1935.

Biddle was born to a prominent Philadelphia family and graduated from Harvard College. He studied at the Académie Julian and the Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, and served in the United States Army in World War I, before returning to New York where he had his first series of one-man shows.

In 1933 Biddle wrote to long-time friend President Franklin Roosevelt, to suggest a work relief program that supported mural painters. Although the idea initially met with opposition, Biddle persisted and the resulting art projects of the Works Progress Administration went on to support the production of thousands of paintings in government buildings throughout the country during the Depression.

In 1940 Biddle was invited by the Mexican government to create a mural for the supreme court building in Mexico City. Biddle had visited Mexico in 1928 where he had traveled and sketched with Diego Rivera, and seen firsthand the value of government sponsored art programs.

In addition to his murals, Biddle was also known for his portraits, lithographs, and paintings. His work can be found in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the National Gallery of Art, the Museum of Modern Art, the Whitney Museum of American Art, the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, and others. His work has been shown throughout the United States, Europe, Mexico, Japan, and India in over a hundred one-man shows and group exhibitions.
Related Materials:
Originals of the edited diary transcripts in this collection are in the Library of Congress, Manuscript Division. The unedited diary has many more entries than the edited version and includes more details about Biddle's daily life and work, versions of articles by Biddle, and lists of his works of art through 1934.
Separated Materials:
The Archives of American Art also holds microfilm of material lent for microfilming, including one of Biddle's original diaries, 1933-1935 (reel D127), records from the Federal Art Project, personal correspondence, articles and talks relating to Artists Equity (reels P17-P18), and a photocopy of Biddle's inventory notebook listing artwork and exhibitions (reel 4909). While the inventory notebook was discarded after microfilming, all other loaned materials were returned to the lender and are not described in the collection container inventory.
Provenance:
The papers on reels P12-P18 were loaned for microfilming in 1954 by the Philadelphia Museum of Art in Philadelphia, PA. George Biddle lent the material on reel D127 in 1963 and donated the rest of the collection to the Archives of American Art between 1966-1970. In 1972, Michael Biddle, George Biddle's son, gifted a photocopy of an inventory notebook that was discarded after microfilming.
Restrictions:
Use of original papers requires an appointment and is limited to the Archives' Washington, D.C., Research Center.
Rights:
The Archives of American Art makes its archival collections available for non-commercial, educational and personal use unless restricted by copyright and/or donor restrictions, including but not limited to access and publication restrictions. AAA makes no representations concerning such rights and restrictions and it is the user's responsibility to determine whether rights or restrictions exist and to obtain any necessary permission to access, use, reproduce and publish the collections. Please refer to the Smithsonian's Terms of Use for additional information.
Topic:
New Deal, 1933-1939  Search this
Federal aid to the arts  Search this
Mural painting and decoration, American  Search this
Art and state -- United States  Search this
Muralists  Search this
Genre/Form:
Diaries
Citation:
George Biddle papers, circa 1910-1970. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Identifier:
AAA.biddgeor
See more items in:
George Biddle papers
Archival Repository:
Archives of American Art
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw914a8a397-8d17-42b1-8038-b8b6e3075445
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-aaa-biddgeor
Online Media:

Edward Beatty Rowan papers

Creator:
Rowan, Edward Beatty, 1898-1946  Search this
Names:
Little Gallery (Cedar Rapids, Iowa)  Search this
Public Works of Art Project (Iowa)  Search this
Stone City Colony and Art School (Stone City, Iowa)  Search this
United States. Department of the Treasury. Section of Fine Arts  Search this
Bluemner, Oscar, 1867-1938  Search this
Cone, Marvin Dorwart, 1891-1965  Search this
Dornbush, Adrian  Search this
Dunton, W. Herbert, 1878-1936  Search this
Gross, Chaim, 1904-1991  Search this
McCosh, David J., 1903-1980  Search this
Peirce, Waldo, 1884-1970  Search this
Poor, Henry Varnum, 1887-1970  Search this
Pyle, Arnold  Search this
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 1884-1962  Search this
Watson, Forbes, 1880-1960  Search this
Wood, Grant, 1891-1942  Search this
Extent:
3.2 Linear feet ((on 4 microfilm reels))
Type:
Collection descriptions
Archival materials
Date:
1929-1946
Scope and Contents:
Correspondence, printed material, photographs, business records and a diary.
REEL 103: Clippings, 1929-1932, on exhibitions and activities of the Little Gallery, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, directed by Rowan (microfilm title: Little Gallery).
REEL 1208: Photographs used to publicize exhibitions at the Little Gallery, including 183 photographs of works of art, the Little Gallery Junior Art Club, Grant Wood, and William Herbert Dunton at work.
REEL D141-D142: Correspondence; a diary; business records of the Little Gallery, the Stone City Art Colony and Art School, and the Section of Fine Arts; photographs, including two of The Little Gallery, five of the Stone City Colony and Art School, six of Rowan and three of his paintings, and two photos showing Grant Wood, David McCosh, Arnold Pyle, Adrian Dornbush, and Marvin Cone; and catalogs, clippings and publications, including "A Report on Iowa Art Under Public Works of Art Jan. 20, 1934, under the direction of Grant Wood" containing reproductions of work, several clippings, a 2 p. report "three weeks after the beginning of work" and 2 p. typed "Notes" signed by Wood with a photograph attached.
Among the correspondents are Oscar Bluemner, Chaim Gross, Waldo Peirce, Henry Varnum Poor, Eleanor Roosevelt, Forbes Watson, and Grant Wood.
Biographical / Historical:
Gallery director, painter, sculptor, teacher; Falls Church, Va. and Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Founder and director of The Little Gallery, Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 1928-1934. The gallery was concerned with promoting education in the community. Because of his success with the Little Gallery, in 1931 he was chosen by the American Federation of Arts to be the director of a new experimental art center in Cedar Rapids. Rowan was affiliated with the Fogg Art Museum at Harvard before going to Cedar Rapids and served as Chief, Public Buildings Administration, 1930's-1940's.
Other Title:
Little Gallery records (microfilm title, reel 103)
Provenance:
Donated by Mrs. Edward Rowan, 1963.
Restrictions:
Use of original papers requires an appointment and is limited to the Archives' Washington, D.C., Research Center. Microfilmed materials must be consulted on microfilm. Contact Reference Services for more information.
Occupation:
Gallery directors -- Iowa -- Cedar Rapids  Search this
Topic:
Federal aid to the arts  Search this
Identifier:
AAA.rowaedwa
Archival Repository:
Archives of American Art
GUID:
https://n2t.net/ark:/65665/mw95db62502-5d98-4e65-a4f3-0c15534f4c0d
EDAN-URL:
ead_collection:sova-aaa-rowaedwa

Oral history interview with Alex Katz, 1969 Oct. 20

Interviewee:
Katz, Alex, 1927-  Search this
Interviewer:
Cummings, Paul  Search this
Subject:
Poor, Henry Varnum  Search this
Porter, Fairfield  Search this
Club (New York, N.Y.)  Search this
Type:
Sound recordings
Interviews
Citation:
Quotes and excerpts must be cited as follows: Oral history interview with Alex Katz, 1969 Oct. 20. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Topic:
Sculptors -- United States -- Interviews  Search this
Collage  Search this
Illustration of books  Search this
Painters -- New York (State) -- Interviews  Search this
Record number:
(DSI-AAA_CollID)12448
(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)212472
AAA_collcode_katz69
Data Source:
Archives of American Art
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:AAADCD_oh_212472

Murdock Pemberton papers, 1947-1955

Creator:
Pemberton, Murdock, 1888-1982  Search this
Subject:
Calder, Alexander  Search this
Dove, Arthur Garfield  Search this
Lurçat, Jean  Search this
Poor, Henry Varnum  Search this
Citation:
Murdock Pemberton papers, 1947-1955. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Topic:
Art criticism -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this
Theme:
Research and writing about art  Search this
Record number:
(DSI-AAA_CollID)5651
(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)208485
AAA_collcode_pembmurd
Theme:
Research and writing about art
Data Source:
Archives of American Art
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_208485

Rebecca Beal papers, 1949-1982

Creator:
Beal, Rebecca J.  Search this
Subject:
Burchfield, Charles Ephraim  Search this
Eichholtz, Jacob  Search this
Poor, Henry Varnum  Search this
Citation:
Rebecca Beal papers, 1949-1982. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Topic:
Art -- Study and teaching -- Pennsylvania  Search this
Women artists  Search this
Women painters  Search this
Women art historians  Search this
Theme:
Women  Search this
Research and writing about art  Search this
Record number:
(DSI-AAA_CollID)7149
(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)209283
AAA_collcode_bealrebe
Theme:
Women
Research and writing about art
Data Source:
Archives of American Art
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_209283

William Kienbusch papers, 1915-2001, bulk 1936-1980

Creator:
Kienbusch, William Austin, 1914-1980  Search this
Subject:
Maitland, Walter McClymonds  Search this
Rattner, Abraham  Search this
Poor, Henry Varnum  Search this
Tam, Reuben  Search this
Davis, Stuart  Search this
Kraushaar, Antoinette M.  Search this
Schrag, Karl  Search this
Clifford, Stanley  Search this
Type:
Photographs
Drawings
Drafts (documents)
Visitors' books
Sketchbooks
Notes
Notebooks
Citation:
William Kienbusch papers, 1915-2001, bulk 1936-1980. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Topic:
Landscape painters -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this
Painting, Abstract -- United States  Search this
Painting, American  Search this
World War, 1939-1945  Search this
Painting -- Technique  Search this
Painters -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this
Theme:
Diaries  Search this
Lives of artists  Search this
Record number:
(DSI-AAA_CollID)7726
(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)209890
AAA_collcode_kienwill
Theme:
Diaries
Lives of artists
Data Source:
Archives of American Art
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_209890
Online Media:

Elizabeth S. Navas papers, 1939-1963

Creator:
Navas, Elizabeth S., 1885-1979  Search this
Subject:
Bacon, Peggy  Search this
Bouché, Louis  Search this
Brice, William  Search this
Burchfield, Charles Ephraim  Search this
Burlin, Paul  Search this
Callahan, Kenneth  Search this
Copley, John Singleton  Search this
Cowles, Russell  Search this
Curry, John Steuart  Search this
Davis, Stuart  Search this
De Creeft, José  Search this
Dehn, Adolf  Search this
Dehner, Walt  Search this
Demuth, Charles  Search this
Dove, Arthur Garfield  Search this
Pène Du Bois, Guy  Search this
Eakins, Thomas  Search this
Glackens, William J.  Search this
Gleitsmann, Raphael  Search this
Grosz, George  Search this
Heliker, John  Search this
Homer, Winslow  Search this
Hopper, Edward  Search this
James, Alexander  Search this
Kinigstein, Jonah  Search this
Kirsch, Frederick D. (Frederick Dwight)  Search this
Kuhn, Walt  Search this
Kuniyoshi, Yasuo  Search this
Lachaise, Gaston  Search this
Lechay, James  Search this
Marin, John  Search this
Marsh, Reginald  Search this
Mattson, Henry E. (Henry Elis)  Search this
Morris, Carl  Search this
Morris, George L. K.  Search this
Moyer, Roy  Search this
Murdock, Louise Caldwell  Search this
Murdock, Roland P.  Search this
Oscar, Charles  Search this
Penney, James  Search this
Poor, Anne  Search this
Poor, Henry Varnum  Search this
Ryder, Albert Pinkham  Search this
Schnakenberg, H. E. (Henry Ernest)  Search this
Shahn, Ben  Search this
Sheeler, Charles  Search this
Sloan, John  Search this
Smith, Houghton Cranford  Search this
Sparhawk-Jones, Elizabeth  Search this
Watkins, Franklin Chenault  Search this
Weber, Max  Search this
Williamson, Clara McDonald  Search this
Zerbe, Karl  Search this
Zorach, William  Search this
Wichita Art Museum  Search this
Citation:
Elizabeth S. Navas papers, 1939-1963. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Topic:
Art, American -- Kansas -- Witchita  Search this
Art -- Collectors and collecting  Search this
Theme:
Patronage  Search this
Record number:
(DSI-AAA_CollID)8075
(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)210246
AAA_collcode_navaeliz
Theme:
Patronage
Data Source:
Archives of American Art
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_210246

Audubon Artists records, 1944-2001

Creator:
Audubon Artists  Search this
Subject:
Hoffman, Malvina  Search this
Gary, Jan  Search this
Freeman, Mark  Search this
Feininger, Lyonel  Search this
Davis, Stuart  Search this
Blume, Peter  Search this
Benton, Thomas Hart  Search this
Arms, John Taylor  Search this
Facci, Domenico  Search this
Engel, Michael M.  Search this
Domareki, Joseph  Search this
Disney, Walt  Search this
Young, Stark  Search this
Whitaker, Frederic  Search this
Wengenroth, Stow  Search this
Poor, Henry Varnum  Search this
Meyerowitz, William  Search this
McKay, Renee  Search this
Lee-Smith, Hughie  Search this
Type:
Photographs
Citation:
Audubon Artists records, 1944-2001. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Theme:
Diaries  Search this
Art organizations  Search this
Record number:
(DSI-AAA_CollID)8438
(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)210612
AAA_collcode_auduarti
Theme:
Diaries
Art organizations
Data Source:
Archives of American Art
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_210612
Online Media:

Elsa Schmid papers, 1910-1967

Creator:
Schmid, Elsa, 1897-1970  Search this
Subject:
Poor, Henry Varnum  Search this
Neumann, J. B. (Jsrael Ber)  Search this
Citation:
Elsa Schmid papers, 1910-1967. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Topic:
Women artists  Search this
Women painters  Search this
Women sculptors  Search this
Theme:
Women  Search this
Lives of artists  Search this
Record number:
(DSI-AAA_CollID)8833
(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)211018
AAA_collcode_schmelsa
Theme:
Women
Lives of artists
Data Source:
Archives of American Art
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_211018

William Benton papers, 1940-1983

Creator:
Benton, William, 1900-1973  Search this
Subject:
Marsh, Reginald  Search this
Wood, Grant  Search this
Bohrod, Aaron  Search this
Dalí, Salvador  Search this
Dean, Abner  Search this
Der Harootian, Koren  Search this
Ernst, Jimmy  Search this
Hebald, Milton  Search this
Hirsch, Joseph  Search this
Johnson, Ben  Search this
Kent, Rockwell  Search this
Kleinholz, Frank  Search this
Levine, Jack  Search this
Poor, Henry Varnum  Search this
Rosenberg, James N. (James Naumburg)  Search this
Sachs, Hella Moravic  Search this
Vereisky, Orest G.  Search this
Albright, Ivan  Search this
Benton, Thomas Hart  Search this
Biddle, George  Search this
Bishop, Isabel  Search this
Citation:
William Benton papers, 1940-1983. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Topic:
Art -- Collectors and collecting -- United States  Search this
Art, Modern -- 20th century -- History -- United States  Search this
Art, American  Search this
Theme:
Chicago's Art-Related Archival Materials: A Terra Foundation Resource  Search this
Patronage  Search this
Record number:
(DSI-AAA_CollID)8883
(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)211068
AAA_collcode_bentwill
Theme:
Chicago's Art-Related Archival Materials: A Terra Foundation Resource
Patronage
Data Source:
Archives of American Art
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_211068

Abraham Rattner and Esther Gentle papers, 1891-1986

Creator:
Rattner, Abraham, 1893-1978  Search this
Subject:
Gwathmey, Robert  Search this
Guthrie, Ramon  Search this
Griffin, John Howard  Search this
Hiler, Hilaire  Search this
Hayter, Stanley William  Search this
Lipchitz, Jacques  Search this
Hall, William Weeks  Search this
Hélion, Jean  Search this
Holty, Carl  Search this
Hirsch, Stefan  Search this
Leepa, Allen  Search this
Lebrun, Rico  Search this
Kronberg, Louis  Search this
Bedwell, Bettina  Search this
Burlin, Paul  Search this
Carton, Norman  Search this
Boyle, Kay  Search this
Gonzalez, Xavier  Search this
De Rochemont, Richard  Search this
Dehn, Adolf  Search this
Coates, Robert M. (Robert Myron)  Search this
Gentle, Esther  Search this
Dos Passos, John  Search this
Davis, Stuart  Search this
Biddle, George  Search this
Hirsch, Joseph  Search this
Weller, Allen S. (Allen Stuart)  Search this
Ruvolo, Feliz  Search this
Watkins, Franklin Chenault  Search this
Stark, Jack Gage  Search this
Nordfeldt, Bror Julius Olsson  Search this
Poor, Henry Varnum  Search this
Peake, Channing  Search this
Miró, Joan  Search this
Malcolm, Thalia Westcott  Search this
Ludgin, Earle  Search this
Miller, Henry  Search this
Kennedy Galleries  Search this
Esther Gentle Reproductions  Search this
Downtown Gallery (New York, N.Y.)  Search this
Paul Rosenberg & Co.  Search this
Type:
Sketches
Diaries
Scrapbooks
Photographs
Interviews
Citation:
Abraham Rattner and Esther Gentle papers, 1891-1986. Archives of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
Topic:
Painters -- New York (State) -- New York  Search this
Works of art  Search this
Artist couples  Search this
Painters -- France -- Paris  Search this
Art -- Study and teaching -- France -- Paris  Search this
Theme:
Diaries  Search this
Lives of artists  Search this
Record number:
(DSI-AAA_CollID)9183
(DSI-AAA_SIRISBib)211378
AAA_collcode_rattabra
Theme:
Diaries
Lives of artists
Data Source:
Archives of American Art
EDAN-URL:
edanmdm:AAADCD_coll_211378
Online Media:

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